300px|thumb|パンノニア属州の位置（120年頃のローマ帝国）

'''パンノニア'''（Pannonia）は古代に存在した地方名。ローマ帝国の時代には皇帝属州であった。北と東はドナウ川に接し、西はノリクムと上イタリア、南はダルマティアと上モエシアに接した。パンノニアの領域は現在のオーストリア、クロアチア、ハンガリー、セルビア、スロベニア、スロバキア、およびボスニア・ヘルツェゴビナの各国にまたがる。

今日では、パンノニアという地名は、ハンガリーのトランスダニュービア地方（Transdanubia、ハンガリー語:Dunántúl）およびセルビア等に広がるパンノニア平原を指して使われる。

==語源==
言語学者ユリウス・ポコルニーによると、パンノニア（Pannonia）の語源は、インド・ヨーロッパ祖語で'''沼地'''や'''湿った'''という意味を表す ''*pen-'' という言語要素から派生したイリュリア語である。

==歴史==
300px|thumb|パンノニアの地図

パンノニアには、元々はイリュリア人に近い部族であるパンノニア族が住んでいた。紀元前4世紀以降、この地域は多くのケルト人部族からの侵略を受けるようになるが、その頃の出来事についてはあまり知られていない。

紀元前35年、当時のパンノニアはダルマティア族と同盟を結んでいたが、初代ローマ皇帝アウグストゥスが侵攻してきてシスキア（Siscia、:en:Sisak）を征服した。紀元前9年、パンノニアは明確にローマ帝国の支配下に入り、イリュリクム属州に併合されて国境線がドナウ川まで広がった。

西暦6年、パンノニア族はダルマティア族など他のイリュリア人と連合して反乱を起こした。激しい戦いが3年間続いたが、結局はローマ帝国のティベリウスとゲルマニクスによって制圧された。この後にイリュリクム属州は新に二つの属州に分割され、北側がパンノニア属州、南側がダルマティア属州になった。分割が正確にはいつ行われたのかは不明だが、20年から50年の間だと考えられている。この地域の隣は攻撃的な蛮族（クァディ族、マルコマンニ族）の領域だったので、ドナウ川の川岸には大勢の軍が配備され（後年には7個軍団となった）、数多くの砦が建造された。

thumb|300px|トラヤヌス帝によるパンノニア属州の2分割
プトレマイオスによると、このときの分割の境界線は北のアラボナ（Arrabona、現ジェール）から南のセルビチウム（Servitium 、現:en: Gradiška）を結ぶ線だったが、後には境界線は東側に移された。二つの属州を合わせてパンノニアス（Pannonias、Pannoniae）と呼ばれることもあった。

上パンノニア属州はマルクス・アウレリウスの後は軍団数はそのままにコンスル格の総督の担当地域に変更された。ドナウ川の国境線を守るために、皇帝ハドリアヌスによってアエリア・ムルシア（Aelia Mursia 、現オシエク）とアエリア・アクィンクム（Aelia Aquincum、現:en:Óbuda）の二つの植民市が築かれた。 

皇帝ディオクレティアヌスの時代に、パンノニアは4つに分割された:
* '''パンノニア・プリマ'''（Prima）– 北西部、首都はサウァリア（Savaria、現ソンバトヘイ）
* '''パンノニア・ウァレリア'''（Valeria）– 北東部、首都はソピアナエ（Sopianae、現ペーチ）
* '''パンノニア・サウィア'''（Savia）– 南西部、首都はシスキア（Siscia、現シサク）
* '''パンノニア・セクンダ'''（Secunda）–  南東部、首都はシルミウム（Sirmium、現スレムスカ・ミトロヴィツァ）
またディオクレティアヌス帝は、現在のスロベニアにあたる地域をパンノニアから除外し、ノリクム属州に編入した。

ディオクレティアヌス帝の死後は西ローマ帝国に属した。

300px|thumb|Pannonia map
'''Pannonia''' is an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.
Pannonia was located mostly over the territory of the present-day western-half of Hungary with small parts in: Austria, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Today the term Pannonia is usually used for what is called Transdanubia (Dunántúl) in Hungary, or simply the whole of Hungary.

==Name==
Illyrian, from the Proto-Indo-European root ''*pen-'', "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English ''fen'', "marsh"; Hindi ''pani'', "water" ).

==History==
300px|thumb|Position of the Roman province of Pannonia
Its original inhabitants were the ''Pannonii'' (Celtic tribes. Little is heard of Pannonia until 35 BC, when its inhabitants, allies of the Dalmatians, were attacked by Augustus, who conquered and occupied Siscia (Sisak). The country was not, however, definitely subdued until 9 BC, when it was incorporated into Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube.

In AD 6, the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and were overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus, after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in 9 AD, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and Dalmatia in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes (Quadi, Marcomanni) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube.

Some time between the years province into Pannonia Superior (the western), and Pannonia Inferior (the eastern) portion. According to Ptolemy, these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona (Győr) in the north to Servitium (Gradiška) in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae).

Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control: Pannonia Inferior at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as garrison, after Marcus Aurelius under a consular legate, still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia (Osijek) and Aelia Aquincum (Óbuda) by Hadrian.

Under Diocletian a fourfold division of the country was made:
* Pannonia Prima in the northwest, with capital in Savaria/Sabaria (Szombathely),
* Pannonia Valeria in the northeast, with capital in Sopianae (Pécs),
* Pannonia Savia in the southwest, with capital in Siscia (Sisak),
* Pannonia Secunda in the southeast, with capital in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica)

Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and included them into Noricum.

In the middle of the Avars (560s - c.800), Habsburgs and  Ottomans (since 1526; the Ottoman rule ended in 1878). After the First World War, the region was divided between Austria, Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929).

==Cities==
thumb|right|300px|Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary
thumb|right|300px|Aquincum
The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were:
* Acumincum (Stari Slankamen, in present-day Serbia)
* Ad Flexum (Mosonmagyaróvár, in present-day Hungary)
* Ad Mures (Ács, in present-day Hungary)
* Ad Novas (Zmajevac, in present-day Croatia)
* Ad Statuas (Vaspuszta, in present-day Hungary)
* Ad Statuas (Várdomb, in present-day Hungary)
* Alisca (Szekszárd, in present-day Hungary)
* Alba Regia (Székesfehérvár, in present-day Hungary)
* Tolna, in present-day Hungary)
* Andautonia (Ščitarjevo, in present-day Croatia)
* Aqua Viva (Varaždin, in present-day Croatia)
* Aquae Balisae (Daruvar, in present-day Croatia)
* Aquincum   (Óbuda, Budapest, in present-day Hungary)
* Arrabona (Győr, in present-day Hungary)
* Bassianae (Donji Petrovci, in present-day Serbia)
* Bononia (Banoštor, in present-day Serbia)
* Brigetio (Szőny, in present-day Hungary)
* Burgunac (Novi Banovci, in present-day Serbia)
* Caesariana (Baláca, in present-day Hungary)
* Campona (Nagytétény, in present-day Hungary)
* Carnuntum (Petronell, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg, in present-day Austria)
* Celeia (Celje, in present-day Slovenia)
* Certissa (Đakovo, in present-day Croatia)
* Cibalae (Vinkovci, in present-day Croatia)
* Cirpi	(Dunabogdány, in present-day Hungary)
* Contra-Aquincum (Budapest, in present-day Hungary)
* Contra Constantiam (Dunakeszi, in present-day Hungary)
* Contra Florentiam or Lugio (Dunaszekcsõ, in present-day Hungary)
* Cuccium (Ilok, in present-day Croatia)
* Cusum (Petrovaradin, in present-day Serbia)
* Gerulata (Rusovce, in present-day Slovakia)
* Gorsium-Herculia (Tác, in present-day Hungary)
* Intercisa (Dunaújváros, in present-day Hungary)
* Iovia or Iovia Botivo (Ludbreg, in present-day Croatia)
* Lussonium (Dunakömlőd, in present-day Hungary)
* Marsonia (Slavonski Brod, in present-day Croatia)
* Matrica (Százhalombatta, in present-day Hungary)
* Morgentianae (Tüskevár(?), in present-day Hungary)
* Mursa	(Osijek, in present-day Croatia)
* Mursella (Mórichida, in present-day Hungary)
* Neviodunum (Drnovo, in present-day Slovenia)
* Poetovio (Ptuj, in present-day Slovenia)
* Quadrata (Lébény, in present-day Hungary)
* Rittium (Surduk, in present-day Serbia)
* Sala 	(Zalalövő, in present-day Hungary)
* Saldae (Brčko, in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* Savaria or Sabaria (Szombathely, in present-day Hungary)
* Scarbantia (Sopron, in present-day Hungary)
* Serbinum or Servitium (Gradiška, in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina)
* Singidunum (Beograd, in present-day Serbia)
* Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, in present-day Serbia)
* Siscia (Sisak, in present-day Croatia)
* Solva (Esztergom, in present-day Hungary)
* Sopianae (Pécs, in present-day Hungary)
* Taurunum (Zemun, in present-day Serbia)
* Ulcisia Castra (Szentendre, in present-day Hungary)
* Valcum (Fenékpuszta, in present-day Hungary)
* Vindobona (Wien, in present-day Austria)