'''Marwan I.''', , (* 623; † 7. Mai 685) war der vierte Kalif der Umayyaden (684-685).

Marwan ibn al-Hakam war zunächst Sekretär unter Kalif Aischa gegen Ali ibn Abi Talib bevor er unter Muawiya I. zum Statthalter des Hedschas in Medina aufstieg. Als sich nach dem Tod von Kalif Yazid I. 683 die Unruhen der Opposition im Hedschas ausweiteten, musste er nach Syrien flüchten. Nach dem Tod von Muawiya II. (683-684) konnte sich Marwan als Thronfolger innerhalb der Umayyaden durchsetzen und die jungen Söhne Yazid I. von der Macht verdrängen. Damit kam die umayyadische Seitenlinie der Marwaniden an die Herrschaft.

Mit der Klärung der Erbfolge konnte sich Marwan I. der Bekämpfung des "Gegen"Kalifen Abd al-Malik (685-705) überlassen.

== Literatur ==
* Ulrich Haarmann: ''Geschichte der Arabischen Welt.'' C.H. Beck München, 2001
* Heinz Halm (Hrsg.) (begründ. von Ulrich Haarmann): ''Geschichte der Arabischen Welt.'' 2004. ISBN 3-406-47486-1
* Gernot Rotter: ''Die Umayyaden und der zweite Bürgerkrieg.'' Wiesbaden 1982 

{{Infobox Monarch
| name            =Marwan I
| title           =Caliph of the Umayyad dynasty
| reign           =684 – 685
| full name       =Marwan ibn al-Hakam
| predecessor     =Muawiya II
| successor       =Abd al-Malik
| dynasty         =Umayyad
| father          =Hakam ibn Wa'il
| date of birth   =623
| date of death   =685
|}}

'''Marwan ibn al-Hakam''' (Arabic: مروان بن الحكم) was the fourth Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named). Hakam was a first cousin of Uthman ibn Affan.  

Prophet Muhammad cursed and sent both him and his father, Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-'As to exile, saying they should never return. During the reign of Uthman, he sent Marwan and his father back. He gave also 100,000 dirhams from Bayt al-Mal to Hakam. Marwan took advantage of his relationship to the caliph and was appointed governor of Medina. A number of Sunni theologians Ibn Taymiyya have questioned the authenticity of this story. However, Earlier Sunni historians have recorded this event.

During the "Battle of the Camel" Marwan ibn al-Hakam is said to have shot his general Talha with an arrow to the thigh, resulting in his death. Marwan killed Talha in revenge for Talha's alleged betrayal of the third Caliph Uthman:

:''"I saw this man (Talha) during the days when Uthman was besieged in his house. He was inciting and urging the crowd to enter the house, and to kill him."'' [http://anwary-islam.com/companion/ten-talhah-ibn-ubaydullah.htm 2][http://www.al-islam.org/restatement/61.htm 3]

He was removed from this position by Ali, only to be reappointed by Muawiya II abdicated.  