{{kotakinfo gunung berapi
| nama = Kilimanjaro
| negara = Tanzania
| lokasi= Timur laut Tanzania
| gambar = 300px
| ketinggian = 5.895 meter (19.340 kaki)
| koordinat = 
| tipe=Stratovolcano
| erupsi=Tidak pernah meletus sepanjang catatan sejarah
}}
:''Untuk album grup The Teardrop Explodes, lihat Kilimanjaro (album).''

'''Kilimanjaro''' (bahasa Swahili: ''kilima'', gunung; ''njaro'', bercahaya) atau dulu disebut '''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze''' adalah gunung di timur laut Tanzania. Gunung ini adalah gunung tertinggi di dunia yang berdiri bebas,<ref name=NASAnjaro>{{cite web
| url = http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/tanzania.htm
| title = SRTM Tanzania Images (deskripsi Kilimanjaro atau Kilima Njaro)
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
}}</ref> tingginya 4.600 m bila diukur dari kaki gunung. 

Puncak Kilimanjaro sekaligus merupakan puncak tertinggi di Afrika, dengan ketinggian 5.895 meter di atas permukaan laut. Gunung ini juga disebut ''Kilima Dscharo'' atau ''Oldoinyo Oibor'' yang berarti gunung putih dalam bahasa Masai.<ref name=usra>{{cite web
| url = http://epod.usra.edu/archive/epodviewer.php3?oid=214624
| title = Over Kilimanjaro
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = Universities Space Research Association (USRA) Earth System Science Education (ESSE) program
}}</ref>

Kilimanjaro adalah gunung api strato raksasa yang sekarang tidak aktif, namun memiliki fumarol yang mengeluarkan gas di kawah yang terletak di puncak utama Kibo. Di Tanzania, puncak Kibo dikenal sebagai Puncak Uhuru.<ref name=kompas>{{cite web
| url = http://www.kompas.co.id/teknologi/news/0312/03/164006.htm
| title = Kilimanjaro Mungkin Kehilangan Saljunya Tahun 2020
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = Kompas
}}</ref> Di tahun vulkanolog Jerman bernama kaki).<ref name=pbskara>{{cite web
| url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3017_kilimanj.html
| title = Volcano Above the Clouds
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = PBS Online
}}</ref>

== Garis besar ==
thumb|240px|Pemandangan Kilimanjaro dari [[Taman Nasional Amboseli ]]
Titik tertinggi adalah Puncak Uhuru yang tingginya 5.895 meter, dan merupakan salah satu dari Tujuh Puncak Gunung Tertinggi Dunia. Di atasnya terdapat kawah yang lebarnya 2,4 kilometer. Johannes Kinyala Lauwo dari korps pengintai angkatan darat Marangu adalah orang pertama yang berhasil mencapai Puncak Uhuru, dan berhasil mendakinya berulang-ulang hingga 9 kali. Orang asing pertama yang berhasil mencapai Puncak Uhuru adalah Hans Meyer, pendaki dari Jerman, dan Ludwig Purtscheller pendaki dari Austria. Mereka berdua dipandu Johannes Lauwo sampai ke Puncak Uhuru pada 6 Oktober 1889. Dua puncak Kilimanjaro yang lain adalah Puncak Mawenzi (5.149 m) dan Puncak Shira (3.962 m). Puncak Mawenzi adalah puncak ke-3 tertinggi di Afrika setelah Gunung Kenya. Di tahun 1889, pemerintah Jerman memberi hadiah rumah bagi Johannes Lauwo di Ashira Marangu atas jasanya sebagai pemandu dalam ekspedisi yang dipimpin Hans Meyer. Kerabat Johannes Lauwo yang bernama Trilas Lauwo (1952-) juga menjadi wanita Tanzania pertama yang mencapai Puncak Uhuru lewat rute Mweka di tahun 1972.

Pendakian Puncak Mawenzi memerlukan keterampilan panjat tebing sekaligus panjat perbukitan es dan salju. Pendakian ke Puncak Uhuru terbilang tidak ruwet, tapi perlu waktu yang cukup untuk melakukan aklimatisasi agar tidak terkena penyakit ketinggian. Tiga rute termudah: Marangu, Rongai, dan Machame, bahkan bisa didaki siapa saja yang berbadan sehat tanpa perlu pengalaman mendaki gunung. Pendaki dianjurkan membawa obat-obatan untuk mencegah penyakit ketinggian yang diminum ketika sedang sakit kepala akibat ketinggian. Pendaki yang mengambil rute Marangu biasanya perlu 4-5 hari untuk sampai di puncak. 

left|thumb|240px|Hutan sepanjang rute pendakian Marangu
Di sepanjang rute pendakian tersedia pondok-pondok dengan fasilitas untuk memasak dan mandi. Beberapa pondok di antaranya bahkan memiliki aliran listrik. Tahap terakhir pendakian, dari pondok Kibo di ketinggian 4.720&nbsp;m hingga sampai di puncak biasanya dijalani di malam hari ketika batu-batu kecil menjadi berkelompok karena membeku, dan jalan lebih mudah dilewati. Pendaki biasanya sudah sampai di Titik Gilman di pinggiran kawah sekitar jam lima atau jam enam pagi. Dari sana hanya perlu 1½ jam lagi untuk sampai di Puncak Uhuru. Pendaki yang masih kuat berjalan dapat melanjutkan perjalanan di bawah hangatnya sinar matahari. Setiap tahunnya, Kilimanjaro dikunjungi sekitar 15.000 pendaki, dan 40% di antaranya berhasil sampai ke puncak.

Di puncak gunung terdapat papan ucapan dalam bahasa Inggris dari pemerintah Tanzania: "''Congratulations! You are now at Uhuru Peak, Tanzania, 5,895 m. AMSL. Africa's Highest Point. World's Highest Free-Standing Mountain. One of World's Largest Volcanos. Welcome.''" (Selamat! Anda sudah sampai di Puncak Uhuru, Tanzania, 5.895 m dpl. Titik tertinggi di Afrika. Gunung berdiri bebas tertinggi di dunia. Salah satu kawah terbesar di dunia. Selamat Datang)". Papan ini sering ditempeli stiker oleh para pendaki yang berhasil sampai di puncak. Di dekat papan terdapat sebuah kotak berisi buku tamu untuk diisi para pendaki.

Sewaktu menjalani tahap-tahap pendakian, pendaki bisa merasakan hampir semua jenis iklim yang ada di bumi. Gunung ini sangat tinggi walaupun terletak di ekuator, sehingga puncaknya selalu diselimuti salju abadi.

Kilimanjaro adalah titik tertinggi di dunia yang dilayani jaringan telepon genggam GSM.<ref name=voda>{{cite web
| url = http://www.vodacom.com/vodacom/media_centre/achievements.jsp
| title = Vodacom's milestones of the last decade, 10 years of service excellence
| accessdate = 20 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = vodacom
}}</ref> Pelanggan telepon genggam Vodacom (anak perusahaan Vodafone) masih bisa menelepon dari atas sana.

== Kondisi pendakian ==
thumb|right|240px|[[Gletser Furtwängler di dekat puncak yang semakin menipis]]
Gunung Kilimanjaro sekarang mulai kehilangan salju yang menyelimuti puncaknya. Gletser yang menyelimuti puncak gunung ini sejak 11.700 tahun yang lalu semakin menipis. Dibandingkan dengan abad lalu, volume es di puncak Kilimanjaro sudah berkurang lebih dari 80%,<ref name=svs>{{cite web
| url = http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/kilimanjaro_20021216/index.html
| title = Melting snows of Kilimanjaro
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
}}</ref> dan penelitian yang dipimpin seorang paleoklimatologis dari Ohio State University bernama Lonnie Thompson<ref name=science>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;298/5593/518
| title = Glaciology: Ice Man: Lonnie Thompson Scales the Peaks for Science
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = Krajick
| first = Kevin
| publisher = Science
}}</ref> memperkirakan salju yang menyelimuti puncak gunung ini akan menghilang sekitar tahun 2015 hingga 2020.<ref name=thompson>{{cite web
| url = http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm
| title = African Ice Core Analysis Reveals Catastrophic Droughts, Shrinking Ice Fields and Civilization Shifts
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = 
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = Ohio State University Research News
}}</ref><ref name=lthompson>{{cite web
| url = http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm
| title = Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa
| accessdate = 19 Februari
| accessyear = 2007
| author = Lonnie G. Thompson, et al.
| last = 
| first = 
| publisher = Ohio State University Research News
}}</ref>

Mulai bulai Januari 2006, rute pendakian Western Breach ditutup oleh pemerintah Tanzania setelah terjadi longsoran batu yang mengakibatkan tewasnya 4 orang pendaki di kemah Arrow Glacier. Longsor diperkirakan terjadi akibat pecahnya batu-batuan di daerah tersebut yang tidak lagi membeku secara permanen.

Rute-rute pendakian resmi:
*Machame
*Marangu
*Rongai
*Lemosho
*Umbwe
*Shira
*Mweka (hanya untuk turun)

== Lihat pula ==
* Taman Nasional Kilimanjaro
* Salju di Kilimanjaro karya Ernest Hemingway

== Referensi ==
<references/>

== Pranala luar ==

{{Infobox Mountain
| Name          = Mount Kilimanjaro
| Photo         = Kibo_summit_of_Mt_Kilimanjaro_001.JPG
| Caption       = Kibo Summit of Kilimanjaro
| Elevation     = 
| Location      = Tanzania
| Prominence    =  <small>Ranked 4th</small>
| Coordinates   = 
| Topographic map = Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski <ref name=map>
{{cite map
 |publisher  = EWP
 |title      = Kilimanjaro Map and Guide
 |url        = http://www.ewpnet.com/KILIMAP.HTM
 |edition    = 4th 
 |year       = 2001
 |cartography= EWP
 |scale      = 1:75,000 with 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 insets
 |series     = EWP Map Guides
 |isbn       = 0-906227-66-6
}}</ref>
| Type          = Stratovolcano
| Age           = 
| Last eruption = None in recorded history
| First ascent  = 1889 by Hans Meyer, Ludwig Purtscheller, Yohanas Kinyala Lauwo
| Easiest route = hike
}}
{{Location map
 |Tanzania| label=Mt.&nbsp;Kilimanjaro
 |mark=RedMountain.svg|marksize=18
 |lat_deg=03|lat_min=04|lat_sec=33|lat_dir=S
 |lon_deg=37|lon_min=21|lon_sec=12|lon_dir=E
 |position=left |width=300 |float=right
 |caption=Location in Tanzania
}}
'''Kilimanjaro''' with its three volcanic cones, '''Kibo''', '''Mawenzi''', and '''Shira''', is an inactive highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters (19,340 ft), providing a dramatic view from the surrounding plains.

==Description== 

The highest point on Kilimanjaro is Uhuru Peak, on the volcano Kibo . The top of Kibo is a 1.5 mile wide crater. As the highest point in Africa, Uhuru Peak is one of the German Hans Meyer and thumb|left|250px|Mount Kilimanjaro from the air.  July 2007.

Due to Kilimanjaro's equatorial location and high elevation, almost every climate type on earth is represented, including a year-round snow-topped summit.

The summit of Kilimanjaro is covered by a GSM mobile phone network, provided by Vodacom. It was previously the highest point in the world with mobile phone service; China Mobile now provides coverage at the top of Mt. Everest, the highest point in the world.
<br style="clear:both;">

thumb|left|800px|Mount Kilimanjaro - with Landsat Overlay. Heights two times exaggerated.
<br style="clear:both;">

== Current conditions ==
===Climatic conditions===
While the volcano appears to be dormant on the inside, events on top of the mountain draw global attention. The top of the mountain has seen a retreat of the most recent covering  of glaciers, with the most recent ice cap volume dropping by more than 80% <ref name=gsfc> [http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/stories/kilimanjaro_20021216/index.html Melting snows of Kilimanjaro]</ref>. In 2002, a study led by paleoclimatologist Lonnie Thompson <ref name=science1>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;298/5593/518 Ice Man: Lonnie Thompson Scales the Peaks for Science]</ref> predicted that ice on top of Africa's tallest peak would be gone between 2015 and 2020 <ref name=osu>

right|thumb|305px|Mount Kilimanjaro seen from the air, with Mt Meru beyond
right|thumb|300px|Relief of Kilimanjaro

[http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/kilicores.htm Ice core analysis reveals droughts]</ref> <ref name=science2>

[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5593/589 Ice Core Records]</ref>.  In 2007, a team of Austrian scientists from University of Innsbruck predicted that the plateau ice cap will be gone by 2040, but some ice on the slope will remain longer due to local weather conditions <ref name=bbc>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6561527.stm Kilimanjaro's ice set to linger]</ref>. A comparison of ice core records suggests conditions today are returning to those of 11,000 years ago.  A study by Philip Mote of the University of Washington in the United States and Georg Kaser of the University of Innsbruck in Austria concludes that the shrinking of Kilimanjaro's ice cap is not directly due to rising temperature but rather to decreased precipitation. <ref name=Geotimes>[http://www.geotimes.org/aug07/article.html?id=nn_kilimanjaro.html Geotimes - August 2007 - No more “snows of Kilimanjaro”?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In May 2008 The Tanzanian Minister for Natural Resources, Ms Shamsa Mwangunga, that there were indications that snow cover on the mountain was actually increasing.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805260817.html Tanzania: Minister - Ice Won't Vanish On Kili] "The Citizen" May 26, 2008</ref>
As of January 2006, the Western Breach route has been closed by the Tanzanian government following a rockslide that killed four people at Arrow Glacier Camp.  The rockslide is believed to have been caused by frost action in an area that is no longer permanently frozen.

=== Volcanic Conditions ===

While it is inactive, Kilimanjaro has crater. Although new activity is not expected, there are fears the volcano may collapse, causing a major eruption similar to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Several collapses and landslides have occurred on Kibo in the past, one creating the area known as the western breach. Although there is no recorded history of eruptions, local legend speaks of activity around 170 years ago.
thumb|left|256px|View of Kibo, Mowenzi, Shira and Meru in far background

== Mapping ==

Early good maps of Kilimanjaro were published by the British Government's Directorate of Overseas Surveys (DOS 422 Y742) in 1963. These were based on air photography carried out as early as 1958 by the RAF. These were on a scale of 1:50,000 with contours at 100 ft intervals. These are now unavailable. Tourist mapping was first published by the Ordnance Survey in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping (1:100,000, 100ft intervals, DOS 522). This is now no longer available.
EWP produced a map with tourist information in 1990 (1:75,000, 100m contour intervals, inset maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and 50m contour interval). This is regularly updated and in its 4th edition. In the last few years numerous other maps have become available of various qualities. <ref name=map/>

EWP map sample (1:75,000, summit area). [http://www.ewpnet.com/kisummap.htm]

==Name==
It is unknown where the name Kilimanjaro comes from, but a number of theories exist. European explorers had adopted it by 1860 and reported that it was its Swahili name,<ref name=names/> that Kilimanjaro breaks ''Kilima'' (Swahili for "hill, little mountain") and ''Njaro'',<ref>"Kilima-Njaro" (alternate name in 1907), ''The Nuttall Encyclopædia'', 1907, FromOldBooks.com, 2006, webpage: [http://www.fromoldbooks.org/Wood-NuttallEncyclopaedia/k/kilima-njaro.html FOB-Njaro].</ref> whose supposed origin varies according to the theory—for some it's an ancient Swahili word for ''white'' or for ''shining'',<ref name=NASAnjaro>"SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES" (Kilimanjaro or Kilima Njaro description), Kichagga word ''jaro'' meaning caravan. The problem with all these is that they can't explain why the diminutive ''kilima'' is used instead of the proper word for mountain, ''mlima''. A different approach is to assume that it comes from Kichagga ''kilmanare'' or ''kileajao'' meaning "which defeats the bird/leopard/caravan". However this theory can't explain the fact that Kilimanjaro was never used in Kichagga before in Europe in the mid-1800s.<ref name=names>[http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00769.html Hutchinson, J. A.: The Meaning of Kilimanjaro<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

In the 1880s the mountain, called ''Kilmanscharo'' in German, became a part of German East Africa after Karl Peters had persuaded local chiefs to sign treaties (a common story that Queen Victoria gave the mountain to Kaiser Wilhelm II is not true).<ref>Briggs, Philip (1996): "Guide to Tanzania; 2nd edition." Bradt Guides.</ref> In 1889 Uhuru Peak on Kibo was named ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze'',<ref name=names/> which was used in the German Empire until its defeat in 1918, when the territory became British-administered Tanganyika and the name was dropped.

==National Parks in the Kilimanjaro area==
*Kilimanjaro National Park covers 753 km² of the mountain, and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. 
*Amboseli National Park, Kenya is on the northern side.
*Tsavo National Park, Kenya lies to the east.
*Arusha National Park covers neighbouring Mt Meru.

==Trekking routes up Kilimanjaro==

There are several routes by which to climb Mt Kilimanjaro, namely, Marangu, Rongai, Lemosho, Shira, Umbwe and Machame.  Of all the routes, Machame is by far the most scenic albeit steeper route up the mountain. The Rongai is the easiest camping route and the Marangu is also easy, but accommodation is in huts.  As a result, this route tends to be very busy and ascent and descent routes are the same.