{{noteTA
|T=zh-hans:敦刻尔克战役; zh-hant:敦克爾克戰役; zh-hk:敦刻爾克戰役;
|1=zh-hans:敦刻尔克; zh-hant:敦克爾克; zh-hk:敦刻爾克;
}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=敦刻爾克戰役
|partof=第二次世界大戰
|image=300px
|caption=英軍步兵在敦克爾克海岸找尋掩護
|date=1940年5月26日 - 1940年6月4日
|place=法國，敦克爾克
|result=德軍獲得決定性勝利，但近三十四萬聯軍士兵撤退到英國本土。
|combatant1=22px 英國<br>22px 法國<br>22px 比利時
|combatant2=22px 德國
|commander1=22px 22px 魏剛將軍
|commander2=22px 22px 克萊斯特上將 (Panzergruppe von Kleist)
|strength1=大約400,000
|strength2=大約800,000
|casualties1=總計68,000人傷亡、俘虜或失蹤，包括以下：<br>34,000人被俘虏<br>6艘驅逐艦與200+小船沉沒<br>177架飛機被擊落(106架戰機<ref name="Hooton">E.R Hooton, 74頁</ref>、60個戰機機司陣亡<ref name="Hooton">E.R Hooton, 74頁</ref>)
|casualties2=10,252人陣亡、42,000人受傷、8,467人失蹤、<br>101架戰機被擊落<ref name="Hooton">E.R Hooton, 74頁</ref>
|}}

'''敦克爾克戰役'''，又稱'''敦克爾克大撤退'''。德國機械化部隊瓦解法國敦克爾克後（位於英國的皇家空軍與德國空軍爆發激烈空戰，最終英國仍得以動員各種大小船隻將大部份的部隊撤離歐洲大陸。

這次大規模的撤退行動成功挽救大量人力，並成為四年後反攻的根本之一。但是聯軍的所有重型裝備都遺留在歐洲大陸，使得英國本土的地面防衛嚴重不足。由於許多地勤人員無法及時返回英國、進行備戰，導致在不列顛空戰初期，英國空軍飽受戰鬥機妥善率不足的困擾。

== 历史背景 ==
1939年9月1日凌晨，德国军队对波兰发动了突然袭击，第二次世界大战正式爆发。9月3日，英国和法国被迫对德国宣战。但实际上英法联军只是躲在马奇诺防线后，没有对波兰进行有效的军事支援。9月27日，德军占领华沙，波兰完全沦陷。在此其间，英法两国只对德国对外交上予以谴责。这一期间被德国人称为“假戰”或“奇怪的战争”。

马其诺防线的北端——曾被视为是坦克无法通过的崎岖而森林密布的阿登山区发动进攻。这使向比利时进军迎战德军右翼B集团军群的英法联军大失所料，仅十多天时间，德国装甲部队就横贯法国大陆，直插佛兰德地区。5月27日比利时军队投降，40万英法联军开始全部集中向敦刻尔克撤退。西面的英吉利海峡成为联军绝处逢生的唯一希望。

===“停止前进”的争论===
当德国军队从西、南、东三个方向敦刻尔克步步進逼，而德军最近的坦克离这个港口仅10希特勒亲自下达的停止前进命令。这一命令后来引起了的争论，被很多军事历史学家认为是希特勒独断专行干涉军事指挥的一个愚蠢的命令。实际上，希特勒的这一命令是有他的考虑，而且不能完全归结为他一人的责任。首先是在法国北部的战事明朗后，德军需要为下一步作战行动保存装甲部队实力，德军总司令部曾计划由B集团军群统一完成最后包围的作战。其次联军零碎的反击虽然效果不大，但是加重了部分德军高级指挥官对装甲部队损耗的担心，因为快速突进的装甲部队使戈林保证空军可以担当消灭包围圈中联军的任务。另一个可能也被认为是促成希特勒下达命令的原因，是當時担心装甲部队會受困于敦克尔克外围的河道纵横地带而陷入阵地战，從而无法快速阻截英法部队的撤退。此外，也有人认为希特勒有政治上的打算，让一部分英军撤回英国，政治上有助于与英国媾和。可是，這個決定有包括前线装甲部队指挥官的一些人表示反对，他们认为应该继续前进。

这个命令执行的结果是，英法联军在当面的德军B集团军群的压迫下向敦刻尔克撤退，而截断他们退路的A集团军群距离敦刻尔克更近，却在敦刻尔克以西的运河地区停止进攻，並没有集结兵力沿著海岸包抄，这给了英法联军一線生机。當時的联军在为生存而战斗，於是加强了敦刻尔克接近地的防御阵地。虽然5月27日德军装甲部队为阻止英法联军从敦刻尔克撤退而恢复攻势，但他们面临敌人有组织的防线而无法突破。英法联军成功地延迟了德军进攻，並且为部队撤離敦刻尔克赢得更多时间。

== 战役过程 ==
thumb|right|等待撤退的英法联军
佛兰德地区。随后德军抵达英吉利海峡沿岸，联军被压缩在宽50公里的敦刻尔克周边滨海地区。早在5月20日英国远征军司令勋爵开始提出撤退的可能性。英国开始准备从海上撤退，由海军制定组织撤退的计划，希望每天能撤退一万人。5月26日英国海军下令代号为“发电机”的撤退行动。

英國的撤退計畫面臨幾項難題。首先，德國空軍在敦刻爾克的港區內擊沉許多船隻，使得進出水道非常困難。於附近海域出沒的驅逐艦與運輸艦只能停泊在距離海岸邊1.6公里之外，而最嚴重的問題是，英國能夠動用的船隻數量太少。

撤退計畫的執行由位於多佛的伯特倫·拉姆齊海軍中將指揮，第一步是調動運輸車輛，食物和醫療設施前往多佛，應付即將抵達的大批部隊。接下來他建立了一個非常有效的通訊網以維持行動的順利。第一天德国空军猛烈轰炸敦刻尔克，将港口炸成废墟，阻止联军撤退，英国海军军舰由于吃水深，无法靠近海滩，撤退速度较慢，5月27日只撤出了七千多人。英國最樂觀的估計是能夠將45000名部隊在德軍佔領海灘區前成功撤出，然而以第一天的作業效率來看，英國得要花上40天才足以將所有的人員撤離該地。如果英國無法將大部分的遠征軍帶回本土，面對稍後可能爆發的德軍地面攻勢，陸上的基本防衛能力很可能因此遭到摧毀。

Ramsay提出緊急呼吁平民提供任何可用的船只，调集了所有能抽调的军舰和民船，无数业余水手和私人船主也应召而来，他们驾着驳船、货轮、汽艇、渔船，甚至花花绿绿的游艇，甚至内河船只等超過850艘。冒着德国飞机、潜艇和大炮的打击，往返穿梭于海峡之间，将一批批联军官兵送回到英国本土。英军使用地面、海上和空中的一切力量来支援这一后撤行动，

雾气导致能见度降低而再次阻止了德军空袭，联军撤出近五万多人。5月31日，撤退人数达到六万八千。

{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict=Battle of Dunkirk.
| partof=The Second World War
| image=225px
| caption= "A British soldier fires at German aircraft strafing him on Dunkirk's beaches".<ref name= "Taylor and Mayer p. 59"> Taylor and Mayer 1974, p. 59.</ref>
| date=26 May 1940&ndash;4 June 1940
| place=Dunkirk, France
| result=German tactical victory, Successful Allied evacuation.
| combatant1=22px 22px France<br>22px Belgium
| combatant2=25px Germany
| commander1=25px Lord Gort<br/> 25px General Weygand
| commander2=Ewald von Kleist (Panzergruppe von Kleist)
| strength1=approx. 400,000<br/>338,226 evacuated<ref>Rickard, J. [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/operation_dynamo.html#5 "Operation Dynamo, The Evacuation from Dunkirk, 27 May-4 June 1940."] Retrieved: 14 May 2008.</ref>
| strength2=approx. 800,000
| casualties1=30,000 killed or wounded<br>34,000 captured<br>6 destroyers and 200+ smaller vessels sunk<br>177 aircraft (106 Fighters),60 Fighter Pilots killed<ref name= "Hooten  p. 74"/>
| casualties2=10,252 killed, 42,000 wounded and 8,467 missing <br>101 aircraft<ref name= "Hooten  p. 74">Hooton 2007, p. 74.</ref> 
|}}

The '''Battle of Dunkirk''' was the defense and evacuation of the British and Allied forces that had been separated from the main body of the French defenses by the German advance.

After the seven months of the Phoney War, the Battle of France began in earnest on 10 May 1940. To the east, the German Army Group B invaded and subdued the Netherlands and advanced westwards through Belgium. On the 14 May, Army Group A burst through the Ardennes region and advanced rapidly to the west toward Sedan, then turned northwards to the English Channel, in what Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein called the "sickle cut" (known as the Manstein Plan).  

A series of Allied counter-attacks, including the Battle of Arras, failed to sever the German spearhead, which reached the coast on French First Army, and the Belgian army further to the north from the majority of French troops south of the German penetration. After reaching the Channel, the Germans swung north along the coast, threatening to capture the ports and trap the British and French forces before they could evacuate to Britain.

==The battle==
On Charleville. Von Rundstedt advised him that the infantry should attack the British forces at Arras, where they had shown themselves capable of significant action, while Kleist's armour held the line West and South of Dunkirk in order to pounce on the Allied Forces retreating before Army Group B.<ref name= "Taylor and Mayer p. 59"/> 
This order allowed the Germans to consolidate their gains and prepare for a southward advance against the remaining French forces. In addition, the terrain around Dunkirk was considered unsuitable for armour,<ref name= "Taylor and Mayer p. 60">Taylor and Mayer 1974, p. 60.</ref> so the destruction of the Allied forces was initially assigned to the Luftwaffe and the German infantry organised in Army Group B.
The true reason for Hitler's decision to halt the German armour is a matter of debate. The most popular theory is that Von Rundstedt and Hitler agreed to conserve the armour for future operations further South - namely for ''Operation Fall Rot''.<ref name= "Taylor and Mayer p. 60"/>

On General Lord Gort, the commander of the BEF, decided to evacuate British forces. From pocket along the France-Belgian border extending from French 1st Army trapped outside the Dunkirk Pocket.

Starting on evacuation of Dunkirk began. The German Panzer Divisions were ordered to resume their advance on the same day, but improved defenses halted their initial offensive, although the remaining Allied forces were compressed into a five km wide coastal strip from De Panne through Bray-Dunes to Dunkirk by 31 May.

A total of five nations took part in the evacuation from Dunkirk — Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands and Poland.

thumb|right|British fisherman giving a hand to an Allied soldier while a Stuka's bomb explodes a few metres ahead.
The defense of the perimeter led to the loss or capture of a number of British Army units such as the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Norfolk Regiment who were involved in the Le Paradis massacre on 26 May. More than 35,000 French soldiers were made prisoners. Nevertheless, in the nine days from 27 May to 4 June, 338,226 men left France, including 139,997 French and Belgian troops, together with a small number of Dutch troops.

Number of men rescued (in chronological order):
*27 May (7669 men)
*28 May (17,804 men)
*29 May (47,310 men)
*30–31 May (120,927 men)
*1 June (64,229 men)
*2–4 June (up to 54,000 men)

In accordance with military principle where priority is given to men over arms, the Allies left behind 2,000 guns, 60,000 trucks, 76,000 tons of ammunition and 600,000 tons of fuel supplies.

*10,252 German soldiers lost
*42,000 wounded
*8,467 missing
*1,212,000 Dutch, Belgian, French and British prisoners taken
*30,000 British died
*34,000 British captured
*338,226 men saved in the evacuation

The Germans gained:
*1,200 field guns
*1,250 anti-aircraft guns
*11,000 machine guns
*25,000 vehicles

== Aftermath ==
thumb|right|Battle of Dunkirk memorial.
The successful evacuation of 338,000 Allied troops from Dunkirk ended the first phase in the British 51st (Highland) division was left behind by the British to cover the allied retreat. The division was made up of the Black Watch, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Gordon Highlanders, Seaforth Highlanders and Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders. Many were captured or killed. German troops entered Paris on 14 June and accepted the surrender of France on 22 June.