{{Infobox Person
| name = Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood
| image = Young Lord Dufferin.jpg
| image_size = 175px
| caption = Lord Dufferin as a young man
| birth_date = 21 June 1826
| birth_place = Florence, Italy
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| education = Eton College, Christ Church, Oxford 
| occupation = Viceroy of India, Governor General of Canada, Politician
| title = Marquess of Dufferin and Ava
| spouse = Hariot Georgina Rowan-Hamilton
| parents = Price Blackwood, 4th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye, Helen Selina Sheridan
| children = Archibald; Helen; Terence; Hermione; Basil; Victoria; Frederick
| nationality = British
| website = 
}}

'''Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava''', KP, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (British Victorian society. In his youth, he was a popular figure in the court of Queen Victoria, and became well known to the public after publishing a best-selling account of his travels in the North Atlantic.

==Overview==
He is now best known as one of the most successful diplomats of his time. His long career in public service began as a commissioner to Syria in 1860, where his skillful diplomacy maintained British interests while preventing France from instituting a client state in Lebanon. After his success in Syria, Lord Dufferin served in the Government of the United Kingdom as the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Under-Secretary of State for War. In 1872 he became the third Governor General of Canada, bolstering imperial ties in the early years of the Dominion, and in 1884 he reached the pinnacle of his diplomatic career as eighth Viceroy of India.

Following his retirement from the diplomatic service in 1896, his final years were marred by personal tragedy and a misguided attempt to secure his family's financial position. His eldest son was killed in the Second Boer War, shortly before a mining company of which he had become chairman collapsed under scandalous circumstances. Although no personal blame attached to Dufferin, it was a blow to his failing health; he withdrew from public life and died in early 1902.

==Early life==

On his father's side, Lord Dufferin was descended from Scottish settlers who had moved to Price Blackwood<!---notable as previous Bt Dufferin--->, did not marry into a landowning family. His wife, Helen Selina Sheridan, was the granddaughter of the playwright Richard Sheridan, and through her, the family became connected to English literary and political circles.

Lord Dufferin was thus born into considerable advantage as '''Frederick Temple Blackwood''' in Eton and the College of Christ Church at the Oxford Union Society for debate, although he left the college after only two years without obtaining a degree. He succeeded his father in 1841 as 5th Queen Victoria in 1849. In 1850 he was created Baron Claneboye, of Clandeboye in the County of Down, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.<ref>''Dufferin and Ava, Marquess of'', Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, 1911 [http://30.1911encyclopedia.org/D/DU/DUFFERIN_AND_AVA_MARQUESS_OF.htm Marquess of Dufferin and Ava]</ref>

In 1856, Lord Dufferin commissioned the Jan Mayen Island, but was unable to land due to heavy ice, and caught only a very brief glimpse of the island through the fog. From Jan Mayen, the ''Foam'' sailed to northern Norway, stopping at Hammerfest, before sailing for Spitsbergen.

On his return, Lord Dufferin published a book about his travels, ''Letters From High Latitudes''. With its irreverent style and lively pace, it was extremely successful, and can be regarded as the prototype of the comic travelogue. It remained in print for many years, and was translated into French and German. The letters were nominally written to his mother, with whom he had developed a very close relationship after the death of his father when he was 15.<ref></ref>

==A natural diplomat==

Despite the great success of ''Letters From High Latitudes'', Dufferin did not pursue a career as an author, although he was known for his skillful writing throughout his career. Instead he became a public servant, with his first major public appointment in 1860 as British representative on a commission to Syria to investigate the causes of a civil war earlier that year in which the Maronite Christian population had been subject to massacres by the Muslim and Druze populations. Working with French, Russian, Prussian and Turkish representatives on the commission, Lord Dufferin proved remarkably successful in achieving the objectives of British policy in the area. He upheld Turkish rule in the area, and prevented the French from establishing a client state in Lebanon, later securing the removal of a French occupying force in Syria. He also defended the interests of the Druze community, with whom Britain had a long association. The other parties on the commission were inclined to repress the Druze population, but Dufferin argued that had the Christians won the war they would have been just as bloodthirsty. The long-term plan agreed by the commission for the governance of the region was largely that proposed by Dufferin — that Lebanon should be governed separately from the rest of Syria, by a Christian Ottoman who was not a native of Syria.<ref name="PRONI">Harrison A.T. ''et al'' (1998), ''The Dufferin Papers'', Public Records Office of Northern Ireland [http://www.proni.gov.uk/records/private/dufferin.htm]</ref>

Dufferin's achievements in Syria launched his long and successful career in public service. In 1864 he became Under-Prime Minister Gladstone's government. In 1871 he was raised in the Peerage as Earl of Dufferin, in the County of Down, and Viscount Clandeboye, of Clandeboye in the County of Down.<ref name="PRONI" />

Lord Dufferin took the name '''Hamilton''' by royal licence Hariot Georgina Rowan-Hamilton on October 23, 1862. He was distantly related to the Hamilton family by previous marriages, and the union was partly designed to eliminate some long-standing hostilities between the families. Dufferin also took the name of '''Temple''', on 13 November 1872.<ref name="PRONI" /> They had seven children; the two youngest, a son and a daughter, were born in Canada:

*Archibald James Leofric Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Ava (July 28 1863–January 11 1900) was a lieutenant in the 17th Lancers and a fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute. He was serving as a war correspondent in South Africa during the Second Boer War when he was wounded at Waggon Hill during the Siege of Ladysmith and died a week later. He was unmarried.

*Lady Helen Hermione Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1865–GBE (1918), JP for Fife was married on August 31 1889 to Ronald Munro-Ferguson (later 1st and last Viscount Novar), who later became the Governor General of Australia. They had no issue.

*Terence Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (March 16 1866–February 7 1918)

*Lady Hermione Catherine Helen Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1869–October 19 1960) trained as a nurse and qualified in 1901, serving in France during the First World War. She was awarded the Medaille de Reconnaissance Française for her services. She died unmarried.

*Lord (Ian) Basil Gawaine Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (November 4 1870–July 3 1917) was a barrister-at-law by profession and was at Balliol College, Oxford in 1891 and became part of the 'kindergarten' of Lord Milner. He was appointed Deputy Judge Advocate in South Africa in 1900, secretary to the High Commissioner to South Africa in 1902, Assistant Colonial Secretary in the Orange River Colony in 1903, Colonial Secretary in Barbados from 1907 to 1909 and Assistant Secretary to the Land Development Commission of England from 1910 to 1914. He was attached to the 9th Lancers and Intelligence Corps from 1914 to 1916 and then appointed Private Secretary to Ivor Churchill Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in 1916. He returned to active service as a lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards and was killed in action in 1917. His most prominent legacy is the corpus of drawings he did for Hilaire Belloc's books (over the signature `BTB'). He was unmarried.

*Lady Victoria Alexandrina Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1873–1938), whose chief sponsor at her christening was CBE DSO. Her son The Queen and Deputy Master of the Household, and their second son is Robin Rathmore Plunket, 8th Baron Plunket, the present baron.

*Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 3rd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava (February 26 1875–July 21 1930)

Shortly after his own marriage, he was deeply upset when his mother married his friend George Hay, styled Earl of Gifford, a man some 17 years her junior. The marriage scandalised society, but Lord Gifford died only weeks afterward. Despite his disapproval of his mother's second marriage, Lord Dufferin was devastated by her death in 1867, and built Helen's Tower, a memorial to her, on the estate at Clandeboye. A nearby bay was also named Helen's Bay, and a station of that name was built there by him, seeding the growth of the modern Belfast commuter town of Helen's Bay.<ref name="moore"></ref>

==Governor General of Canada==

thumb|left|200px|Lord Dufferin while Governor General of Canada

After his mother's death Dufferin's diplomatic career advanced rapidly. He became Canadian history. During his term, Confederation, and several well-known Canadian institutions, such as the Intercolonial Railway, were established.<ref name="GG's office"></ref>

In Dufferin's opinion, his two predecessors in the post had not given the position the prominence it deserved. He consciously set out to assume a more active role, and to get to know ordinary Canadians as much as possible.<ref name="PRONI" /> He was at ease speaking with a wide variety of people, both in English and French, and became known for his charm and hospitality. At a time when a weak or uncharismatic Governor General might have loosened the ties to Empire, Dufferin felt that involving himself with the people of the Dominion would strengthen constitutional links to Britain. He visited every Canadian province, and was the first Governor General to visit Manitoba.<ref name="CDB"></ref>

Lord Dufferin involved himself as much as was permissible in Canadian politics, even going so far as to advise ministers to abandon policies which he thought mistaken. He followed proceedings in the Parliament with interest, although as the Queen's representative he was barred from entering the House of Commons. He established an Office of the Governor General in a wing of the Parliament buildings, and Lady Dufferin attended many debates and reported back to him. In 1873, the prorogued parliament, and established an enquiry which found against the Government, and MacDonald fell from power.<ref name="CDB" />

In 1873 Dufferin established the Governor General's Academic Medals for superior academic achievement by Canadian students. Today, these medals are the most prestigious that school students can be awarded, and more than 50,000 have been awarded in total. He also instituted several sporting prizes, including the Governor General's Match for shooting, and the Governor General's Curling Trophy.<ref name="GG's office" />

Dufferin made several extensions and improvements to $1,624.95 of his own money, which was later reimbursed by the government. Public use of the rink was on condition of being "properly dressed". These additions enhanced Rideau Hall's role as an important centre of social affairs.<ref name="CDB" />

thumb|200px|right|Lord and Lady Dufferin on a visit to Manitoba

The Dufferins also used the the old city walls, Dufferin was appalled, persuading them to stop the demolition, and to repair and restore what had already been damaged. Old Quebec was recognized by St. Lawrence River built to his own design.<ref name="GG's office" />

Lady Dufferin also maintained a high profile during her husband's term as Governor General, accompanying him on tours and frequently appearing in public. Visiting Manitoba in September 1877, Lord and Lady Dufferin each drove a spike in the line of the new Canadian Pacific Railway, and the first engine on the railway was christened ''Lady Dufferin''. Throughout her time in Canada, Lady Dufferin wrote letters to her mother in Ireland, which were later collected and published as ''My Canadian Journal''. She later said that of all her experiences, her happiest times had been spent in Canada.<ref name="GG's office" /><!--Dufferin's visit to BC was also of particular importance in easing fears surrounding the delay in the construction of the CPR---->

The popularity and influence of the Dufferins in Canada is reflected by the large number of Canadian schools, streets and public buildings named after them. Lord Dufferin is particularly well remembered in Manitoba, being the first Governor-General to visit the province; a statue of him is situated outside the provincial legislature.<ref></ref>

{{Polityk infobox
|polityk    =Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1. markiz Dufferin i Ava
|grafika    =150px
|data urodzenia = 1826
|miejsce urodzenia = 
|data śmierci = 1902
|miejsce śmierci = 
|partia     =
|wykształcenie =
|religia =
|funkcja    =Gubernator generalny Kanady
|Pierwsza Dama =
|Wiceprezydent =
|wicepremier(zy) =
|rzadpremiera =
|od         =1872
|do         =1878
|poprzednik =lord Lisgar
|następca   =lord Lorne
|www        = 
|commons    = 
|quote      = 
|2 funkcja    =Wicekról Indii
|2 partia     =
|2 od         =1884
|2 do         =1888
|2 poprzednik =lord Ripon
|2 następca   =lord Lansdowne
}}
'''Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1. markiz Dufferin i Ava''' KP, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE (ur. Florencji, zm. Irlandii Północnej) – brytyjski podróżnik, polityk, dyplomata i administrator kolonialny. W latach wicekról Indii.

Jako młody człowiek o arystokratycznych korzeniach był dość popularną osobą na dworze królowej Wiktorii. W Atlantyku, w czasie której odwiedził Islandię, Jan Mayen oraz Spitsbergen. Następnie opublikował książkę w formie pisanych w czasie wyprawy listów do matki, ''Letters From High Latitudes'', która się popularnym dziełem podróżniczym. 

W Syrii, gdzie wszedł w skład międzynarodowej komisji mającej ustalić przyczyny wojny domowej między maronitami a druzami i muzułmanami. W pełni zrealizował przygotowane wcześniej w Londynie założenia (m.in nie dopuścił do powstania w Francji) i powrócił do kraju w glorii wytrawnego męża stanu. W Kanclerza Księstwa Lancaster. W 1871 r. został podniesiony do godności hrabiego (jako 1. hrabia Dufferin). 

W dominium.    

Po powrocie do Anglii znów stał się dyplomatą. W latach Petersburgu, a potem od Stambule. W 1884 spełnił marzenie swojego życia i został wicekrólem Indii. Po czteroletniej kadencji powrócił do Europy, stał się 1. markizem Dufferin i Ava i został ambasadorem we Włoszech (Francji (szkockich uczelniach, bez większego powodzenia próbował także sił w interesach. Zmarł w 1902 r. w swoich północnoirlandzkich dobrach rodowych.

==Wczesne lata życia==
Przyszły lord Dufferin i Ava urodził sie Frederick Temple Blackwood. Był synem Prince'a Blackwooda, 4. barona Dufferin i Claneboye, i Helen Sheridan, córki Thomasa Sheridana. Ze strony ojca Frederick był potomkiem szkockich osadników, którzy przenieśli się do irlandzkiego hrabstwa Down w XVII w. Blackwoodowie byli wielkimi posiadaczami ziemskimi o wielkich wpływach w okolicy. W Izbie Gmin, gdyż kontrolowali okręg wyborczy Killyleagh.

Frederick odebrał wykształcenie w Uniwersytecie w Oksfordzie. Na studiach został przewodniczący Oxford Union Society. Uczelnię opuścił jednak po dwóch latach nauki nie zdobywając naukowego tytułu. Po śmierci ojca w królowej Wiktorii. W Izbie Lordów.

W Islandię, gdzie zatrzymał się w Napoleona Józefa Bonaparte, który podróżował na północ. Podczas żeglugi na południe Dufferin przepływał obok wyspy Jan Mayen, ale nie wylądował na niej, gdyż uniemożliwiły mu to lody okalające wyspę. Następnie ''Foam'' popłynął do północnej Norwegii i po krótkim postoju w francuski i niemiecki.

==Kariera w dyplomacji==
Pomimo sukcesu ''Letters From High Latitudes'' Dufferin nie poświęcił się karierze pisarza, rozpoczął natomiast karierę polityczną. W Turcji zachować kontrolę na Syrią i nie dopuścił do utworzenia w Libanie profrancuskiego państwa. W komisji był rzecznikiem interesów druzów. Ostateczne postanowienia przyjęte przez międzynarodową komisję były w znacznej mierze pomysłami Dufferina. Przewidywały one odseparowanie Libanu od reszty Syrii. Liban miał być zarządzany przez nie-Syryjczyka, który miał być chrześcijaninem.

Sukces dyplomatyczny Dufferina nie pozostał bez oddźwięku w ojczyźnie. W 1864 r. Dufferin został podsekretarzem stanu w ministerstwie ds. Indii. W 1866 r. został podsekretarzem stanu w ministerstwie wojny a w 1868 r. został Kanclerzem Księstwa Lancaster. W 1871 r. został kreowany hrabią Dufferin i wicehrabią Clandeboye w parostwie Zjednoczonego Królestwa.

Hariot Rowan-Hamilton (5 lutego 1843 - 25 października 1936), córkę Archibalda Rowana-Hamiltona. 13 listopada 1872 r. dodał do nazwiska człon "Temple". Frederick i Hariot mieli razem czterech synów i trzy córki:
*Archibald James Leofric Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (28 lipca 1863 – 11 stycznia 1900), hrabia Ava
*Helen Hermione Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (Orderu Imperium Brytyjskiego, żona Ronalda Munro-Fergusona, 1. wicehrabiego Novar, nie miała dzieci
*Terence John Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (markiz Dufferin i Ava
*Hermione Catherine Helen Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (Francji podczas I wojny światowej, odznaczona Medaille de Reconnaissance Francaise
*Ian Basil Gawaine Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (4 listopada 1870 – 3 lipca 1917)
*Victoria Alexandrina Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (Williama Plunketa, 5. baron Plunket, i pułkownika Francisa Powella Braithwaite'a, miała dzieci z pierwszego małżeństwa
*Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (markiz Dufferin i Ava

Wkrótce po ślubie Dufferin musiał stawić czoło towarzyskiemu skandalowi, kiedy jego matka poślubiła o 17 lat od niej młodszego lorda Gifforda, który jednak zmarł kilka tygodni po ślubie. Mimo dezaprobaty dla drugiego małżeństwa matki Dufferin bardzo przeżył jej śmierć w 1867 r. Na cześć matki wybudował wówczas Helen's Tower na posiadłości Cladeboye. Jej imieniem nazwał również położoną niedaleko zatokę (Helen's Bay).

==Gubernator generalny Kanady==
Po śmierci matki kariera Dufferina nabrała rozpędu. W rządzie Williama Ewarta Gladstone'a. W Kanady. Na tym stanowisko pozostawał przez 6 lat, które były ważnym okresem w historii Kanday. Do kanadyjskiej federacji przyłączyła się wówczas Wyspa Księcia Edwarda. Powstał również kanadyjski Sąd Najwyższy, Royal Military College of Kanada oraz rozpoczęto budowę międzynarodowej linii kolejowej. Sam Dufferin uważał, że dwaj jego poprzednicy nie nadali urzędowi gubernatora takiej pozycji na jaką zasługiwał. On sam odgrywał aktywną rolę na kanadyjskiej scenie politycznej. Starał się jak najczęściej spotykać z Kanadyjczykami. Kontakt z miejscową ludnością ułatwiała mu znajomość języka francuskiego. Podczas swojej kadencji odwiedził wszystkie kanadyjskie prowincje, był również pierwszym gubernatorem, który złożył wizytę w Manitobie.

Lord Dufferin zaangażował się w kanadyjską politykę na ile pozwalały mu na to jego kompetencje. Starał się wpływać na prace ministrów. Jeśli uznał, że ich polityka jest błędna namawiał ich do jej zmiany. Starał się również mieć wpływ na działania parlamentu. W budynkach parlamentu założył Biuro Gubernatora Generalnego. Ponieważ jako przedstawiciel królowej nie miał wstępu do kanadyjskiej Izby Gmin obrady tej izby obserwowała jego żona, która zdawała później mężowi relacje z poczynań deputowanych. Po wybuchu Pacific Scandal, kiedy liberalna opozycja zarzuciła konserwatywnemu rządowi Johna Macdonalda o nieprawidłowości finansowe przy budowie Kolei Transkanadyjskiej, Dufferin doprowadził do uzyskania przez liberałów większości w Izbie i upadku rządu Macdonalda.

W 1873 r. Dufferin ustanowił Medal Akademicki Gubernatora Generalnego (''Governor General's Academic Medal''), który miał być nadawany najlepszym kanadyjskim studentom. Do dziś pozostał on najwyższym odznaczeniem, jakie może dostać student. Do tej pory odznaczono nim 50 000 osób. Dufferin ustanowił również wiele nagród sportowych, m.in. za strzelectwo i curling.