300px|thumb|M1909/30 152mm榴弾砲
'''M1909/30 152mm榴弾砲'''（ロシア語：''''''）とは、第一次世界大戦前にロシア帝国が採用したM1909 152mm榴弾砲をソビエト連邦が改良した榴弾砲である。独ソ戦勃発時点において赤軍が保有していた152mm榴弾砲の中では最も保有数が多かった。

== 開発 ==
1920年代末、赤軍はロシア帝国時代から保有していた第一次世界大戦期の各種火砲に対して近代化改修を行うことを決定した。その計画の一環として、シュナイダー社が設計したM1909 152mm榴弾砲も近代化されることになった。射程延伸のために薬室を拡大して装薬量を増強したが、初速が395m/sを超えると砲架が損傷するため実験的にマズルブレーキが装着されたが実用化には至らなかった。

1930年には薬室を拡大するとともに尾栓に改良を加え、仰角を大きくとれるように改良された。さらに一部の砲は車輪を木製のものから接地面にゴムを張り付けた金属製のものに取り換えられた。この改良を受けた砲はM1909/30 152mm榴弾砲として採用された。

== 概要 ==
M1909/30は典型的な短砲身型榴弾砲である。分離薬莢式の火砲であり、上記のように初速も向上し仰角もM1909の20°から41°にまで増加しているため、射程も延伸されたと思われる。

しかし、あくまでも第一次世界大戦時代の砲を改良したものに過ぎないため、根本的に時代遅れな部分も多かった。単脚式の砲架であるために水平射角が狭く、柔軟な火力支援は難しかった。車輪は木製か金属製のものであり、車軸にサスペンションもないため自動車による高速牽引は不可能であり、後の戦争における機械化部隊による電撃戦への適応度も低かった。

== 運用 ==
M1909/30は1939年のノモンハン事件において初めて実戦投入され、冬戦争でも運用された。独ソ戦勃発直前の6月1日時点においても赤軍は、新型のM-10 152mm榴弾砲の2倍に当たるM1909/30を約2,500門保有していた。戦争勃発直後に製造は打ち切りとなり戦争序盤の劣勢期に多数が破壊ないしは鹵獲されて失われ、1943年以降はD-1 152mm榴弾砲に順次更新されていったが終戦まで運用は続けられた。

{{Infobox Weapon
|name=152 mm howitzer M1909/30
|image=300px
|caption=M1909/30 in Hämeenlinna Artillery Museum, Finland.
|origin=USSR
|type=field howitzer
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=yes
|is_vehicle=
|is_UK=
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=
|wars=
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=
|design_date=
|manufacturer=Perm plant
|production_date=1931-1941
|number=2,550-2,611
|variants=
<!-- General specifications -->
|weight=combat: 2,810 kg <br> travel: 3,270 kg
|length=5.84 m
|part_length=overall: 2,160 mm / 14 calibers <br> bore: 1,996 mm / 13.1 calibers
|width=1.89 m
|height=1.92 m
|crew=8
<!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> 
|cartridge=
|caliber=152.4 mm
|action=
|rate=5-6 rounds per minute
|velocity=344 m/s
|range=
|max_range=8,850 m
|feed=
|sights=
<!-- Artillery specifications -->
|breech=interrupted screw
|recoil=hydropneumatic
|carriage=box trail
|elevation=0° to 41°
|traverse=2°50’
<!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> 
|blade_type=
|hilt_type=
|sheath_type=
|head_type=
|haft_type=
<!-- Explosive specifications --> 
|diameter=
|filling=
|filling_weight=
|detonation=
|yield=
<!-- Vehicle specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
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}}

'''152 mm howitzer M1909/30''' ('''''') was a Schneider. It was the most numerous 152 mm howitzer employed by Red Army in World War II.

==Development and production history==
From late 1920s the RKKA sought to upgrade its First World War-era artillery pieces. One of the modernized weapons was the 152-mm howitzer model 1909, initially designed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider. After a number of experiments it was determined that the muzzle velocity of the piece could be increased to about 395 m/s (further increase could result in a damage to the carriage). In 1930 at the ''Bolshevik'' plant, the gun was experimentally fitted with a muzzle brake.

In 1930-1931, the chamber to 340 mm (upgraded barrels received a mark "lengthened chamber"). In late production pieces minor changes in breechblock, cradle and elevation mechanism were introduced. Some pieces also had their wooden wheels replaced by steel ones with rubber tires. The modernized weapon was officially adopted as '''152-mm howitzer model 1909/30'''.

From 1931 to 1941 the Perm plant delivered 2,188 pieces.

{| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; width:60%; background:#fff; border-collapse:collapse; border:1px solid #996; line-height:1.5; font-size:95%"
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#996; color:#fff; font-weight:bold;"
| colspan="13"| Production of M1909/30, pcs.<ref>Shirokorad A. B. - Encyclopedia of the Soviet Artillery.</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #996; background-color:#ddb; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Year
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1931
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1932
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1933
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1934
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1935
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1935
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1937
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1938
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1939
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1940
| style="border:1px solid #996" |1941
| style="border:1px solid #996" |Total
|- style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"
| style="border:1px solid #996" | Produced, pcs.
| style="border:1px solid #996" |158
| style="border:1px solid #996" |210
| style="border:1px solid #996" |260
| style="border:1px solid #996" |54
| style="border:1px solid #996" |2
| style="border:1px solid #996" |0
| style="border:1px solid #996" |99
| style="border:1px solid #996" |480
| style="border:1px solid #996" |620
| style="border:1px solid #996" |295
| style="border:1px solid #996" |10
| style="border:1px solid #996" |2,188
|}

The M1909/30 was a typical short-barrel howitzer, intended mostly for shooting with elevations from +20° to +41°, using separately loaded ammunition. The gun had interrupted screw breechblock; hydraulic recoil buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator were both mounted under the barrel. The carriage was of single trail type with limited traverse and, typically, unsprung wooden wheels (some pieces produced from 1937 had metal wheels with solid rubber limber, which had either wooden or metal wheels.

==Organization and employment==
right|thumb|M1909/30, rear view.
Under the organization of 1939, each rifle division had a howitzer regiment with a 152-mm howitzers battalion (12 pieces). In July 1941 these regiment were cancelled. Same fate befell 152-mm howitzers battalions of motorized and armored divisions.

Corps artillery units didn't employ 152-mm howitzers early in the war (they did use howitzer-guns ML-20); but from late 1943 the recreated corps artillery included a regiment consisted of five batteries (totaling 20 pieces), equipped, along with other types, with 152-mm howitzers. By 1 June 1944, there were 192 such pieces in corps artillery.

Reserve of the Main Command included howitzer regiments (48 pieces) and heavy howitzer brigades (32 pieces), sometimes organized into artillery divisions.

The howitzer was used by the RKKA in the M-10s, which were soon removed from production. Although from D-1, it was still in service by the end of the war.